What is the position of Islam towards forced (coerced) conversions? Dr. Andrew G. Bostom provides an overview of Islam's historical and contemporay position here. His survey was occasioned by the release Sunday, August 27, 2006 of Fox journalist Steve Centanni and his accompanying cameraman Olaf Wiig. They had been kidnapped by Palestinian terrorists and were released after both men professed conversion to Islam at the close of their two week captivity. So what is the story about forced conversions? Bostom writes:
Forced conversions in Islamic history are not exceptional—they have been the norm, across three continents—Asia, Africa, and Europe—for over 13 centuries.
Orders for conversion were decreed under all the early Islamic
dynasties—Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, and Mamluks. Additional
extensive examples of forced conversion were recorded under both Seljuk
and Ottoman Turkish rule (the latter until its collapse in the 20th
century), the Shi’ite Safavid and Qajar dynasties of Persia/Iran, and
during the jihad ravages on the Indian subcontinent, beginning with the
early 11th century campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni, and recurring under the Delhi Sultanate, and Moghul dynasty until the collapse of Muslim suzerainty in the 18th century following the British conquest of India.
Moreover, during jihad—even the jihad campaigns of the 20th
century [i.e., the jihad genocide of the Armenians during World War I,
the Moplah jihad in Southern India [1921], the jihad against the
Assyrians of Iraq [early 1930s], the jihads against the Chinese of
Indonesia and the Christian Ibo of southern Nigeria in the 1960s, and
the jihad against the Christians and Animists of the southern Sudan
from 1983 to 2001], the (dubious) concept of “no compulsion” (Koran
2:256; which was cited with tragic irony during the Fox reporters “confessional”!),
has always been meaningless. A consistent practice was to enslave
populations taken from outside the boundaries of the “Dar al Islam”,
where Islamic rule (and Law) prevailed. Inevitably fresh non-Muslim
slaves, including children, were Islamized within a generation, their
ethnic and linguistic origins erased. Two enduring and important
mechanisms for this conversion were concubinage and the slave militias—practices
still evident in the contemporary jihad waged by the Arab Muslim
Khartoum government against the southern Sudanese Christians and
Animists. And Julia Duin reported in early 2002 that murderous jihad terror campaigns—including, prominently, forced conversions to Islam—continued to be waged against the Christians of Indonesia’s Moluccan Islands.
What will be the response of contemporary Muslim authorities? That is the question Bostom asks also.
Given
this enduring (and ignoble) historical legacy, it remains to be seen
whether contemporary Muslim religious authorities—particularly those
within Palestinian society, and affiliated with Hamas or Fatah—will
condemn publicly the forced conversions of the kidnapped Fox reporters.
Moreover, will they be joined by a chorus of authoritative voices
representing the entire Muslim clerical hierarchy—Sunni and Shi’ite
alike—from Mecca and Cairo, Qom and Najaf, to the Muslim advocacy
groups in the West (such as CAIR in the United States, and the Muslim
Council of Britain in England)—unanimous in their condemnation of this
hideous practice, and formalized by a fatwa stating as much?
On August 29th, Fox television personality Greta van Susteren interviewed both men on her "On the Record" television program. I saw the program and agree with Cliff May (of the Corner) who assessed the interview as "very much Larry King-style, all about the 'ordeal,' next to nothing about the issues that the abduction and conversion-at-gunpoint raise." Cliff May asks the same question Bostom asks:
"Has any Palestinian religious or political leader publicly condemned
the coerced conversion? Has U.N. Secretary General Kofi Anan said a
word about it? (Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the U.N. Charter.)
How about the leading Muslim organizations in the U.S. and Europe? If
not, why not and what does this tell us?"
It will be interesting to see if this "conversion" is discussed in the media. I may have missed it, but so far I haven't seen it.
After writing the above, I came across Robert Spencer's commentary on Centanni's and Wiig's forced "conversions". Spencer wrote:
Islamic law forbids forced conversion, but as Andrew Bostom documented in a FrontPage article
yesterday, this is a law that throughout Islamic history has all too
often been honored in the breach. Nor is this yet another case of a
“twisting” or “hijacking” of Islam; in fact, Islamic law regarding the
presentation of Islam to non-Muslims manifests a quite different
understanding of what constitutes freedom from coercion and freedom of
conscience from that which prevails among non-Muslims.
Muhammad
instructed his followers to call people to Islam before waging war
against them – the warfare would follow from their refusal to accept
Islam or to enter the Islamic social order as inferiors, required to
pay a special tax:
Fight
in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight against those who
disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war…When you meet your enemies who are
polytheists, invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to
any one of these, you also accept it and withhold yourself from doing
them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you,
accept it from them and desist from fighting against them….If they
refuse to accept Islam, demand from them the Jizya [the tax on
non-Muslims specified in Qur’an 9:29]. If they agree to pay, accept it
from them and hold off your hands. If they refuse to pay the tax, seek
Allah’s help and fight them. (Sahih Muslim 4294)
There
is therefore an inescapable threat in this “invitation” to accept
Islam. Would one who converted to Islam under the threat of war be
considered to have converted under duress? By non-Muslim standards,
yes, but not according to the view of this Islamic tradition. From the
standpoint of the traditional schools of Islamic jurisprudence such a
conversion would have resulted from “no compulsion.”
Muhammad reinforced these instructions on many occasions during his prophetic career. (See here for more of the article and examples of Muhammad's actions.)